Pedagogy Question

1. The best method to study growth and development of the child is–
(A) Psychoanalytic Method (B) Comparative Method
(C) Developmental Method (D) Statistical Method (Ans : C)
2. Socialization is a process by which children and adults learn from
'?
(A) Family (B) School (C) Peers (D) All of these (Ans : D)
3. Which one of the following is the true statement corresponding to
Cephalocaudal Principle of Child's Development?
(A) Development is from head to foot (B) Development is from foot
to head
(C) Development is from middle to periphery (D) None of these
(Ans : A)
4. Determinants of Individual differences in human beings relate to–
(A) Differences in Environment (B) Differences in Heredity
(C) Interaction between Heredity and Environment
(D) Both Heredity and Environment interacting separately (Ans : C)
5. Term PSRN in development implies–
(A) Problem solving, reasoning and numeracy (B) Problem solving
relationship and numeracy
(C) Perceptual skill, reasoning and numeracy (D) Perceptual skill,
relationship and numbers (Ans : C)
6. Vygotsky proposed that Child Development is–
(A) Due to genetic components of a culture (B) A product of social
interaction
(C) A product of formal education (D) A product of assimilation and
accommodation (Ans : B)
7. Gardner formulated a list of Seven Intelligencies, which among the
following is not one of them?
(A) Spatial Intelligence (B) Emotional Intelligence
(C) Interpersonal Intelligence (D) Linguistic Intelligence (Ans : B)
8. Which of the following is the true statement in reference to
Intelligence?
(A) Intelligence is the ability to adjust (B) Intelligence is the ability
to learn
(C) Intelligence is the ability of Abstract Reasoning (D) All of these
(Ans : D)
9. "A Child can think logically about objects and events" This is the
characteristic given by Piaget of stage–
(A) Sensory Motor (B) Pre Operational
(C) Concrete Operational (D) Formal Operation (Ans : C)
10. Which of the following does not belong to the categories of
Coping strategies that women commonly engaged in–
(A) Acceptance (B) Resistance (C) Revolution (D) Adaptation (Ans :
C)
11. What should be the role of teacher in meeting the individual
differences?
(A) Try to know the abilities, interest and aptitude of individuals
(B) Try to adjust the curriculum as per the needs of individuals
(C) Both (A) and (B) (D) None of these (Ans : C)
12. If a child has mental age of 5 years and chronological age of 4
years than what will be the IQ of child?
(A) 125 (B) 80 (C) 120 (D) 100 (Ans : A)
13. Which of the following is not the tool for Formative Assessment
in sholastic domain?
(A) Conversation Skill (B) Multiple Choice Question
(C) Projects (D) Oral Questions (Ans : C)
14. A few students in your class are exceptionally bright, you will
teach them–
(A) Along with the class (B) Along with higher classes
(C) By using Enriched programmes (D) Only when they want (Ans :
C)
15. The major purpose of diagnostic test is that of identifying–
(A) The General area of weakness in class performance (B) Specific
nature of remedial Programme needed
(C) The causes underlying academic difficulties (D) The specific
nature of pupil difficulties (Ans : C)

Practice Paper

Q1: In the context of education, socialization means
(a) creating one's own social norms
(b) respecting elders in society
(c) adapting and adjusting to social environment
(d) always following social norms

Q2: A school gives preference to girls while preparing students for a State level solo-song competition. This reflects
(a) Global trends
(b) Pragmatic approach
(c) Progressive thinking
(d) Gender bias

Q3: Vygotsky emphasized the significance of the role played by which of the following factors
in the learning of children ?
(a) Hereditary
(b) Moral
(c) Physical
(d) Social

Q4: A teacher makes use of a variety of tasks to cater to the different learning styles of her learners. She is influenced by
(a) Kohlberg's moral development theory
(b) Gardner's multiple intelligence theory
(c) Vygotsky's socio-cultural theory
(d) Piaget's cognitive development theory

Q5: A teacher never gives answers to questions herself. She encourages her students to suggest answers, have group discussions and adopt collaborative learning. This approach is based on the principle of
(a) proper organization of instructional material
(b) setting a good example and being a role-model
(c) readiness to learn
(d) active participation

Q6: Which of the following is a teacher-related factor affecting learning?
(a) Proper seating arrangement
(b) Availability of teaching -learning resources
(c) Nature of the content or learning experiences
(d) Mastery over the subject-matter

Q7: According to Kohlberg, a teacher can instill moral values in children by
(a) giving importance to religious teachings
(b) laying clear rules of' behaviour
(c) involving them in discussions on moral issues
(d) giving strict instructions on 'how to behave'

Q8: Young learners should be encouraged to interact with peers in the classroom so that
(a) they can learn answers to questions from each other
(b) the syllabus can be covered quickly
(c) they learn social skills in the course of study
(d) the teacher can control the classroom better

Q9: When a child with a disability first comes to school, the teacher should
(a) refer the child to a special school according to the disability
(b) seclude him from other students
(c) discuss with the child's parents to evolve collaborative plans
(d) conduct an admission test

Q10: According to Piaget's stages of Cognitive Development, the sensori-motor stage is associated with
(a) imitation, memory and mental representation
(b) ability to solve problems in logical fashion
(c) ability to interpret and analyse options
(d) concerns about social issues

Q11: Human personality is the result of
(a) upbringing and education
(b) interaction between heredity and environment
(c) only environment
(d) only heredity

Q12: Individual attention is important in the teaching - learning process because
(a) learners always learn better in groups
(b) teacher training programmes prescribe it
(c) it offers better opportunities to teachers to discipline each learner
(d) children develop at different rates and learn 'differently

Q13: Which of the following is the first step in the scientific method of problem-solving?
(a) Verification of hypothesis
(b) Problem awareness
(c) Collection of relevant information
(d) Formation of hypothesis

Q14: Which of the following is a domain of learning?
(a) Experiential
(b) Affective
(c) Spiritual
(d) Professional

Q15: When a child gets bored while doing a task, it is a sign that
(a) the task may have become mechanically repetitive
(b) the child is not intelligent
(c) the child is not capable of learning
(d) the child needs to be disciplined

Q16: Errors of learners often indicate
(a) how they learn
(b) the need for mechanical drill
(c) absence of learning
(d) socio-economic status of the learners

Answers:
1: (c) adapting and adjusting to social environment
2: (d) Gender bias
3: (d) Social
[Note: Lev Vygotsky theory on cognitive development is called Social Development Theory. It stresses on stress the fundamental role of social interaction (community) in the development of cognition.
The following youtube video nicely summarizes Vygotsky's Social development Theory]
4: (b) Gardner's multiple intelligence theory
[Note: Gardner published his book in 1983 called "Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences". He proposed that intelligence is not just a single type but there are multiple kinds of intelligence that people can possess. He specifies eight different kinds of intelligence:
5: (d) active participation
6: (d) Mastery over the subject-matter
7: (c) involving them in discussions on moral issues
8: (c) they learn social skills in the course of study
9: (c) discuss with the child's parents to evolve collaborative plans
10: (a) imitation, memory and mental representation
[Note: Senori-Motor stage is birth to Age 2 stage. In this stage the infant learns by seeing and hearing. Infant builds the initial schema (mental representations) and late apply it]
11: (b) interaction between heredity and environment
12:(d) children develop at different rates and learn 'differently
13: (b) Problem awareness
14: (b) Affective
15: (a) the task may have become mechanically repetitive
16: (b) the need for mechanical drill
[Note: Mechanical drills are the least useful because they have little resemblance to real communication. Students only do cramming or parroting of a pattern or rule.
Meaningful drills help students develop understanding the working because students make form-meaning correlations. Their resemblance to real communication.
Incommunicative drills, students test and develop their ability to use language to convey ideas and information.
Good textbooks should have more meaningful and communicative drills.]

Ctet Previous Paper 3

CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND PEDAGOGY

Directions : Answer the following questions by
selecting the most appropriate option.

1. ‘‘Development is a never ending process.’’
This idea is associated with
(1) Principle of integration
(2) Principle of interaction
(3) Principle of interrelation
(4) Principle of continuity
2. Four distinct stages of children’s intellectual
development are identified by
(1) Skinner
(2) Piaget
(3) Kohlberg
(4) Erikson
3. Parents should play a ___________ role in the
learning process of young children.
(1) sympathetic
(2) neutral
(3) negative
(4) proactive
4. The ‘insight theory of learning’ is promoted by
(1) Jean Piaget
(2) Vygotsky
(3) ‘Gestalt’ theorists
(4) Pavlov
5. Motivation, in the process of learning,
(1) makes learners think unidirectionally
(2) creates interest for learning among
young learners
(3) sharpens the memory of learners
(4) differentiates new learning from old
learning
6. Which of the following is not a sign of an
intelligent young child ?
(1) One who carries on thinking in an
abstract manner
(2) One who can adjust oneself in a new
environment
(3) One who has the ability to cram long
essays very quickly
(4) One who has the ability to communicate
fluently and appropriately
7. Which is the place where the child’s
‘cognitive’ development is defined in the best
way ?
(1) Auditorium
(2) Home
(3) Playground
(4) School and classroom environment
8. The stage in which a child begins to think
logically about objects and events is known as
(1) Pre-operational stage
(2) Concrete operational stage
(3) Sensori-motor stage
(4) Formal operational stage
9. Which of the following is not related to the
socio-psychological needs of the child ?
(1) Regular elimination of waste products
from the body
(2) Need for company
(3) Need for appreciation or social approval
(4) Need for emotional security

10. Which of the following will foster creativity
among learners ?
(1) Emphasizing achievement goals from
the beginning of school life
(2) Coaching students for good marks in
examination
(3) Teaching the students the practical
value of good education
(4) Providing opportunities to question and
to nurture the innate talents of every
learner
11. ‘Mind mapping’ refers to
(1) drawing the picture of a mind
(2) researching the functioning of the mind
(3) a technique to enhance comprehension
(4) a plan of action for an adventure
12. ‘‘A yung child responds to a new situation on
the basis of the response made by him/her in
a similar situation as in the past.’’ This is
related to
(1) ‘Law of Attitude’ of learning process
(2) ‘Law of Readiness’ of learning
(3) ‘Law of Analogy’ of learning
(4) ‘Law of Effect’ of learning
13. The best way, specially at primary level, to
address the learning difficulties of students is
to use
(1) easy and interesting textbooks
(2) story-telling method
(3) a variety of teaching methods suited to
the disability
(4) expensive and glossy support material

14. Education of children with
special needs should be provided
(1) in special schools
(2) by special teachers in special schools
(3) along with other normal children
(4) by methods developed for special
children in special schools
15. ‘Dyslexia’ is associated with
(1) Reading disorder
(2) Behavioural disorder
(3) Mental disorder
(4) Mathematical disorder
16. ___________ is not considered a sign of ‘being
gifted’.
(1) Novelty in expression
(2) Curiosity
(3) Creative ideas
(4) Fighting with others
17. A student of V-grade with ‘visual deficiency’
should be
(1) treated normally in the classroom and
provided support through Audio CDs
(2) given special treatment in the
classroom
(3) excused to do a lower level of work
(4) helped with his/her routine-work by
parents and friends

18. Which of the following statements
cannot be considered as a feature of
the process of learning ?
(1) Learning is goal-oriented
(2) Unlearning is also a learning process
(3) Educational institutions are the only
place where learning takes place
(4) Learning is a comprehensive process
19. Learning can be enriched if
(1) teachers use different types of lectures
and explanation
(2) due attention is paid to periodic tests in
the class
(3) situations from the real world are
brought into the class in which
students interact with each other and
the teacher facilitates
(4) more and more teaching aids are used
in the class
20. To make assessment a ‘useful and interesting’
process, one should be careful about
(1) using a variety of ways to collect
information about the student’s
learning across the scholastic and co-
scholastic boundaries
(2) using technical language to give
feedback
(3) making comparisons between different
students
(4) labelling students as intelligent or
average learners
21. A teacher, because of his/her democratic
nature, allows students to sit all over the
class. Some sit together and discuss or do
group reading. Some sit quietly and read
themselves. A parent does not like it. Which
of the following may be the best way to
handle the situation ?
(1) Parents should show trust in the
teacher and discuss the problem with
the teacher
(2) Parents should take away the child
from that school
(3) Parents should complain against the
teacher to the principal
(4) Parents should request the principal to
change the section of their ward
22. Which of the following should be considered
the most important quality of a teacher at
primary level ?
(1) Competence in methods of teaching and
knowledge of subjects
(2) Competence to teach in highly
standardised language
(3) Eagerness to teach
(4) Patience and perseverance
23. ___________ is considered a sign of motivated
teaching.
(1) Questioning by students
(2) Pin drop silence in the class
(3) Maximum attendance in the class
(4) Remedial work given by the teacher

24. At lower classes, play-way method of teaching
is based on
(1) psychological principles of development
and growth
(2) sociological principles of teaching
(3) theory of physical education
programmes
(4) principles of methods of teaching
25. The term ‘curriculum’ in the field of education
refers to
(1) evaluation process
(2) text-material to be used in the class
(3) methods of teaching and the content to
be taught
(4) overall programme of the school which
students experience on a day-to-day
basis
26. According to Piaget, at which of the following
stages does a child begin to think logically
about abstract propositions ?
(1) Sensori-motor stage (Birth – 02 years)
(2) Pre-operational stage (02 – 07 years)
(3) Concrete operational stage (07 – 11
years)
(4) Formal operational stage (11 years and
up)
24 27. A teacher should make an attempt to
understand the potentialities of her/his
students. Which of the following fields is
related to this objective ?
(1) Media – Psychology
(2) Educational Psychology
(3) Educational Sociology
(4) Social Philosophy
28. Kritika who does not talk much at home,
talks a lot at school. It shows that
(1) she does not like her home at all
(2) her thoughts get acknowledged at
school
(3) the school provides opportunities to
children to talk a lot
(4) teachers demand that children should
talk a lot at school
29. ‘‘Children actively construct their
understanding of the world’’ is a statement
attributed to
(1) Kohlberg
(2) Skinner
(3) Piaget
(4) Pavlov
30. In which of the following stages do children
become active members of their peer group ?
(1) Early childhood
(2) Childhood
(3) Adolescence
(4) Adulthood

Ctet Previous Paper 2

(SET-2)
Q1: In the context of education, socialization means
(a) creating one's own social norms
(b) respecting elders in society
(c) adapting and adjusting to social environment
(d) always following social norms

Q2: A school gives preference to girls while preparing students for a State level solo-song competition. This reflects
(a) Global trends
(b) Pragmatic approach
(c) Progressive thinking
(d) Gender bias

Q3: Vygotsky emphasized the significance of the role played by which of the following factors in the learning of children ?
(a) Hereditary
(b) Moral
(c) Physical
(d) Social

Q4: A teacher makes use of a variety of tasks to cater to the different learning styles of her learners. She is influenced by
(a) Kohlberg's moral development theory
(b) Gardner's multiple intelligence theory
(c) Vygotsky's socio-cultural theory
(d) Piaget's cognitive development theory

Q5: A teacher never gives answers to questions herself. She encourages her students to suggest answers, have group discussions and adopt collaborative learning. This approach is based on the principle of
(a) proper organization of instructional material
(b) setting a good example and being a role-model
(c) readiness to learn
(d) active participation

Q6: Which of the following is a teacher-related factor affecting learning?
(a) Proper seating arrangement
(b) Availability of teaching -learning resources
(c) Nature of the content or learning experiences
(d) Mastery over the subject-matter

Q7: According to Kohlberg, a teacher can instill moral values in children by
(a) giving importance to religious teachings
(b) laying clear rules of' behaviour
(c) involving them in discussions on moral issues
(d) giving strict instructions on 'how to behave'

Q8: Young learners should be encouraged to interact with peers in the classroom so that
(a) they can learn answers to questions from each other
(b) the syllabus can be covered quickly
(c) they learn social skills in the course of study
(d) the teacher can control the classroom better

Q9: When a child with a disability first comes to school, the teacher should
(a) refer the child to a special school according to the disability
(b) seclude him from other students
(c) discuss with the child's parents to evolve collaborative plans
(d) conduct an admission test

Q10: According to Piaget's stages of Cognitive Development, the sensori-motor stage is associated with
(a) imitation, memory and mental representation
(b) ability to solve problems in logical fashion
(c) ability to interpret and analyse options
(d) concerns about social issues

Q11: Human personality is the result of
(a) upbringing and education
(b) interaction between heredity and environment
(c) only environment
(d) only heredity

Q12: Individual attention is important in the teaching - learning process because
(a) learners always learn better in groups
(b) teacher training programmes prescribe it
(c) it offers better opportunities to teachers to discipline each learner
(d) children develop at different rates and learn 'differently

Q13: Which of the following is the first step in the scientific method of problem-solving?
(a) Verification of hypothesis
(b) Problem awareness
(c) Collection of relevant information
(d) Formation of hypothesis

Q14: Which of the following is a domain of learning?
(a) Experiential
(b) Affective
(c) Spiritual
(d) Professional

Q15: When a child gets bored while doing a task, it is a sign that
(a) the task may have become mechanically repetitive
(b) the child is not intelligent
(c) the child is not capable of learning
(d) the child needs to be disciplined

Q16: Errors of learners often indicate
(a) how they learn
(b) the need for mechanical drill
(c) absence of learning
(d) socio-economic status of the learners

Ctet Practice Paper

SET 1

Q1: When a child 'fails', it means
(a) the child has not memorized the answers properly
(b) the child should have taken private tuition
(c) the system has failed
(d) the child is not fit for studies

Q2: Navodaya Schools have been established to
(a) increase number of school in rural areas
(b) provide good education in rural areas
(c) complete ‘Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan’
(d) check wastage of education in rural areas

Q3: The emphasis from teaching to learning can be shifted by
(a) adopting child-centred pedagogy
(b) encouraging rote learning
(c) adopting frontal teaching
(d) focusing on examination results

Q4: Inclusive Education
(a) celebrates diversity in the classroom
(b) encourages strict admission procedures
(c) includes indoctrination of facts
(d) includes teachers from marginalized groups

Q5:  Which of the following is an objective question ?
(a) Short answer question
(b) Open ended question
(c) True or False
(d) Essay type question

Q6: Which of the following is a feature of progressive education ?
(a) Instruction based solely on prescribed text-books
(b) Emphasis on scoring good marks in examinations
(c) Frequent tests and examinations
(d) Flexible time-table and  seating arrangement

Q7: A child has been admitted to your school who belongs to a back ward family/background from the cultural viewpoint. You will
(a) Keep him in a class in which, there are many more students of backward background from the cultural viewpoint
(b) Send a teacher to know more about the backward cultural background of the child
(c) Keep him in a normal class but will make special arrangements for teaching him, keeping his
special needs in view
(d) Advise him to take up vocational education

Q8: Critical pedagogy firmly believes that
(a) the learners need not reason independently
(b) what children learn out of school is irrelevant
(c) the experiences and perceptions of learners are important
(d) the teacher should always lead the classroom instruction

Q9: A teacher, after preparing a question paper, checks whether the questions test specific testing objectives. He is concerned primarily about the question paper's
(a) content coverage
(b) typology of questions
(c ) reliability
(d) validity

Q10: School-based assessment is primarily based on the principle that
(a) teachers know their learners' capabilities better than external examiners
(b) students should at all costs get high grades
(c) schools are more efficient than external bodies of examination
(d) assessment should be very economical

Q11: Learners display individual differences. So a teacher should
(a) provide a variety of learning experiences
(b) enforce strict discipline
(c) increase number of tests
(d) insist on uniform pace of learning

Q12: Which of the following is a principle of development?
(a) It does not proceed at the same pace for all
(b) Development is always linear
(c) It is a discontinuous process
(d) All processes of development are not inter-connected

Q13: Human development is divided into domains such as
(a) physical, cognitive, emotional and social
(b) emotional, cognitive, spiritual and social-psychological
(c) psychological, cognitive, emotional and physical
(d) physical, spiritual, cognitive and social

Q14: A teacher uses a text and some pictures of fruits and vegetables and holds a discussion
with her students. The students link the details with their previous knowledge and learn the concept of nutrition. This approach is based on
(a) Classical conditioning of learning
(b) Theory of reinforcement
(c) Operant conditioning of learning
(d) Construction of knowledge

Q15: A child starts to cry when his grandmother takes him from his mother's lap. The child
cries due to
(a) Social anxiety
(b) Emotional anxiety
(c) Stranger anxiety
(d) Separation anxiety

Answers:
1: (c) the system has failed
2: (b) provide good education in rural areas
3: (a) adopting child-centred pedagogy
4: (a) celebrates diversity in the classroom
[Note: Inclusive education brings all students together in

=> मनोविज्ञान के जनक = विलियम जेम्स
=> आधुनिक मनोविज्ञान के जनक = विलियम जेम्स
=> प्रकार्यवाद साम्प्रदाय के जनक = विलियम जेम्स
=> आत्म सम्प्रत्यय की अवधारणा = विलियम जेम्स
=> शिक्षा मनोविज्ञान के जनक = थार्नडाइक
=> प्रयास एवं त्रुटि सिद्धांत = थार्नडाइक
=> प्रयत्न एवं भूल का सिद्धांत = थार्नडाइक
=> संयोजनवाद का सिद्धांत = थार्नडाइक
=> उद्दीपन-अनुक्रिया का सिद्धांत = थार्नडाइक
=> S-R थ्योरी के जन्मदाता = थार्नडाइक
=> अधिगम का बन्ध सिद्धांत = थार्नडाइक
=> संबंधवाद का सिद्धांत = थार्नडाइक
=> प्रशिक्षण अंतरण का सर्वसम अवयव का सिद्धांत = थार्नडाइक
=> बहु खंड बुद्धि का सिद्धांत = थार्नडाइक
=> बिने-साइमन बुद्धि परीक्षण के प्रतिपादक = बिने एवं साइमन
=> बुद्धि परीक्षणों के जन्मदाता = बिने
=> एक खंड बुद्धि का सिद्धांत = बिने
=> दो खंड बुद्धि का सिद्धांत = स्पीयरमैन
=> तीन खंड बुद्धि का सिद्धांत = स्पीयरमैन
=> सामान्य व विशिष्ट तत्वों के सिद्धांत के प्रतिपादक = स्पीयरमैन
=> बुद्धि का द्वय शक्ति का सिद्धांत = स्पीयरमैन
=> त्रि-आयाम बुद्धि का सिद्धांत = गिलफोर्ड
=> बुद्धि संरचना का सिद्धांत = गिलफोर्ड
=> समूह खंड बुद्धि का सिद्धांत = थर्स्टन
=> युग्म तुलनात्मक निर्णय विधि के प्रतिपादक = थर्स्टन
=> क्रमबद्ध अंतराल विधि के प्रतिपादक = थर्स्टन
=> समदृष्टि अन्तर विधि के प्रतिपादक = थर्स्टन व चेव
=> न्यादर्श या प्रतिदर्श(वर्ग घटक) बुद्धि का सिद्धांत = थॉमसन
=> पदानुक्रमिक(क्रमिक महत्व) बुद्धि का सिद्धांत = बर्ट एवं वर्नन
=> तरल-ठोस बुद्धि का सिद्धांत = आर. बी. केटल
=> प्रतिकारक (विशेषक) सिद्धांत के प्रतिपादक = आर. बी. केटल
=> बुद्धि 'क' और बुद्धि 'ख' का सिद्धांत = हैब
=> बुद्धि इकाई का सिद्धांत = स्टर्न एवं जॉनसन
=> बुद्धि लब्धि ज्ञात करने के सुत्र के प्रतिपादक = विलियम स्टर्न
=> संरचनावाद साम्प्रदाय के जनक = विलियम वुण्ट
=> प्रयोगात्मक मनोविज्ञान के जनक = विलियम वुण्ट
=> विकासात्मक मनोविज्ञान के प्रतिपादक = जीन पियाजे
=> संज्ञानात्मक विकास का सिद्धांत = जीन पियाजे
=> मूलप्रवृत्तियों के सिद्धांत के जन्मदाता = विलियम मैक्डूगल
=> हार्मिक का सिध्दान्त = विलियम मैक्डूगल
=> मनोविज्ञान को मन मस्तिष्क का विज्ञान = पोंपोलॉजी
=> क्रिया प्रसूत अनुबंधन का सिध्दान्त = स्किनर
=> सक्रिय अनुबंधन का सिध्दान्त = स्किनर
=> अनुकूलित अनुक्रिया का सिद्धांत = इवान पेट्रोविच पावलव
=> संबंध प्रत्यावर्तन का सिद्धांत = इवान पेट्रोविच पावलव
=> शास्त्रीय अनुबंधन का सिद्धांत = इवान पेट्रोविच पावलव
=> प्रतिस्थापक का सिद्धांत
= इवान पेट्रोविच पावलव
=> प्रबलन(पुनर्बलन) का सिद्धांत = सी. एल. हल
=> व्यवस्थित व्यवहार का सिद्धांत = सी. एल. हल
=> सबलीकरण का सिद्धांत = सी. एल. हल
=> संपोषक का सिद्धांत = सी. एल. हल
=> चालक / अंतर्नोद(प्रणोद) का सिद्धांत = सी. एल. हल
=> अधिगम का सूक्ष्म सिद्धान्त = कोहलर
=> सूझ या अन्तर्दृष्टि का सिद्धांत = कोहलर, वर्दीमर, कोफ्का
=> गेस्टाल्टवाद सम्प्रदाय के जनक = कोहलर, वर्दीमर, कोफ्का
=> क्षेत्रीय सिद्धांत = लेविन
=> तलरूप का सिद्धांत = लेविन
=> समूह गतिशीलता सम्प्रत्यय के प्रतिपादक = लेविन
=> सामीप्य संबंधवाद का सिद्धांत = गुथरी
=> साईन(चिह्न) का सिद्धांत = टॉलमैन
=> सम्भावना सिद्धांत के प्रतिपादक = टॉलमैन
=> अग्रिम संगठक प्रतिमान के प्रतिपादक = डेविड आसुबेल
=> भाषायी सापेक्षता प्राक्कल्पना के प्रतिपादक = व्हार्फ
=> मनोविज्ञान के व्यवहारवादी सम्प्रदाय के जनक = जोहन बी. वाटसन
=> अधिगम या व्यव्हार सिद्धांत के प्रतिपादक = क्लार्क
=> सामाजिक अधिगम सिद्धांत के प्रतिपादक = अल्बर्ट बाण्डूरा
=> पुनरावृत्ति का सिद्धांत = स्टेनले हॉल
=> अधिगम सोपानकी के प्रतिपादक = गेने
=> विकास के सामाजिक प्रवर्तक = एरिक्सन
=> प्रोजेक्ट प्रणाली से करके सीखना का सिद्धांत = जान ड्यूवी
=> अधिगम मनोविज्ञान का जनक = एविग हास
=> अधिगम अवस्थाओं के प्रतिपादक = जेरोम ब्रूनर
=> संरचनात्मक अधिगम का सिद्धांत = जेरोम ब्रूनर
=> सामान्यीकरण का सिद्धांत = सी. एच. जड
=> शक्ति मनोविज्ञान का जनक = वॉल्फ
=> अधिगम अंतरण का मूल्यों के अभिज्ञान का सिद्धांत = बगले
=> भाषा विकास का सिद्धांत = चोमस्की
=> माँग-पूर्ति(आवश्यकता पदानुक्रम) का सिद्धांत = मैस्लो (मास्लो)
=> स्व-यथार्थीकरण अभिप्रेरणा का सिद्धांत = मैस्लो (मास्लो)
=> आत्मज्ञान का सिद्धांत = मैस्लो (मास्लो)
=> उपलब्धि अभिप्रेरणा का सिद्धांत = डेविड सी.मेक्लिएंड
=> प्रोत्साहन का सिद्धांत = बोल्स व काफमैन
=> शील गुण(विशेषक) सिद्धांत के प्रतिपादक = आलपोर्ट
=> व्यक्तित्व मापन का माँग का सिद्धांत = हेनरी मुरे
=> कथानक बोध परीक्षण विधि के प्रतिपादक = मोर्गन व मुरे
=> प्रासंगिक अन्तर्बोध परीक्षण (T.A.T.) विधि के प्रतिपादक = मोर्गन व मुरे
=> बाल -अन्तर्बोध परीक्षण (C.A.T.) विधि के प्रतिपादक = लियोपोल्ड बैलक
=> रोर्शा स्याही ध्ब्बा परीक्षण (I.B.T.) विधि के प्रतिपादक = हरमन रोर्शा
=> वाक्य पूर्ति परीक्षण (S.C.T.) विधि के प्रतिपादक = पाईन व टेंडलर
=> व्यवहार परीक्षण विधि के प्रतिपादक = मे एवं हार्टशार्न
=> किंडरगार्टन(बालोद्यान ) विधि के प्रतिपादक = फ्रोबेल
=> खेल प्रणाली के जन्मदाता = फ्रोबेल
=> मनोविश्लेषण विधि के जन्मदाता = सिगमंड फ्रायड
=> स्वप्न विश्लेषण विधि के प्रतिपादक = सिगमंड फ्रायड
=> प्रोजेक्ट विधि के प्रतिपादक = विलियम हेनरी क्लिपेट्रिक
=> मापनी भेदक विधि के प्रतिपादक = एडवर्ड्स व क्लिपेट्रिक
=> डाल्टन विधि की प्रतिपादक = मिस हेलेन पार्कहर्स्ट
=> मांटेसरी विधि की प्रतिपादक = मेडम मारिया मांटेसरी
=> डेक्रोली विधि के प्रतिपादक = ओविड डेक्रोली
=> विनेटिका(इकाई) विधि के प्रतिपादक = कार्लटन वाशबर्न
=> ह्यूरिस्टिक विधि के प्रतिपादक = एच. ई. आर्मस्ट्रांग
=> समाजमिति विधि के प्रतिपादक = जे. एल. मोरेनो
=> योग निर्धारण विधि के प्रतिपादक = लिकर्ट
=> स्केलोग्राम विधि के प्रतिपादक = गटमैन
=> विभेद शाब्दिक विधि के प्रतिपादक = आसगुड
=> स्वतंत्र शब्द साहचर्य परीक्षण विधि के प्रतिपादक = फ़्रांसिस गाल्टन
=> स्टेनफोर्ड- बिने स्केल परीक्षण के प्रतिपादक = टरमन
=> पोरटियस भूल-भुलैया परीक्षण के प्रतिपादक = एस.डी. पोरटियस
=> वेश्लर-वेल्यूब बुद्धि परीक्षण के प्रतिपादक = डी.वेश्लवर
=> आर्मी अल्फा परीक्षण के प्रतिपादक = आर्थर एस. ओटिस
=> आर्मी बिटा परीक्षण के प्रतिपादक = आर्थर एस. ओटिस
=> हिन्दुस्तानी बिने क्रिया परीक्षण के प्रतिपादक = सी.एच.राइस
=> प्राथमिक वर्गीकरण परीक्षण के प्रतिपादक = जे. मनरो
=> बाल अपराध विज्ञान का जनक = सीजर लोम्ब्रसो
=> वंश सुत्र के नियम के प्रतिपादक = मैंडल
=> ब्रेल लिपि के प्रतिपादक = लुई ब्रेल
=> साहचर्य सिद्धांत के प्रतिपादक = एलेक्जेंडर बैन
=> "सीखने के लिए सीखना" सिद्धांत के प्रतिपादक = हर्लो
=> शरीर रचना का सिद्धांत = शैल्डन
=> व्यक्तित्व मापन के जीव सिद्धांत के प्रतिपादक = गोल्डस्टीन

Jean Piaget's Moral Development Theory

Piaget's Theory Of Moral Development

Way Of Research: Observing,Interviewing,quizzing

Age Group:- 4 to 12 Years

Stages:- Two Stages
1. Heteronomous Morality
2. Autonomous Morality

Stage 1. Heteronomous Morality
Age Group:- 4 to 10 years
Features:-  From 4 to 7 years of age, children display heteronomous morality. Children think of justice and rules as unchangeable properties of the world, remove from the control of people.
• From 7 to 10 years of age, children are in transition
showing some features of the first stage of moral
reasoning and some features of the second stage,
autonomous morality.
• Because young children are heteronomous moralist, they judge the rightness or goodness of behaviour by considering its consequences, not the
intensions of the actor.
• For examples : Killing 10 birds accidentally is worse than killing 1 bird intentionally.

Stage 2 - Autonomous Morality
Age Group:- 10 years and above
Features:- From about 10 years of age and older, children show
autonomous morality. They became aware that rules and laws are created by people, and in judging an action. They
consider the actor’s intensions as well as the consequences.
• The older children, moral autonomist, accept change in
rules example accept change in new rules of playing marbles
suggested by Piaget, contrast with younger children, they
resist change because they believes that rules are unchangeable.
• So older children accept change in rules and recognize
that rules are merely convenient conventions, subjects to
change.

children between the ages of 5 and 10 years see the world through the lens of a "heteronomous" (other-directed) morality. In this moral understanding, rules handed down by authority figures (such as parents, teachers and government leaders) are seen as absolute and unbreakable. Basically, children accept that authority figures have godlike powers, and are able to make rules that last forever, do not change, and must be followed. Children's reasoning regarding why these rules should be followed is generally based squarely upon their appreciation of consequences associated with breaking the rules. As breaking the rules tends to lead to negative personal consequences, most children follow the rules as a way to avoid being punished.

Children's appreciation of morality changes towards the end of middle childhood as a result of their recently developed ability to view situations from other people's perspectives. As children develop the ability to put themselves into someone else's shoes, their appreciation of morality becomes more autonomous (self-directed) and less black and white and absolutist in nature. Piaget called this expanded appreciation a "morality of cooperation". Starting at about age 10 or 11 and continuing through adolescence, children will have generally begun to view moral rules as socially-agreed upon guidelines designed to benefit the group. Children using this frame of reference still feel that it is important to follow rules, but these rules are viewed as complex, somewhat negotiable guidelines that are meant to improve everyone's lives. Children realize that making choices about following the rules should be based on something more than fear of negative personal consequences or desire for individual gain. Decisions affect everyone; and can benefit and/or hurt everyone.

Learning Disabilities

Learning Disabilities

Some students are facing problem to write , to read, spelling of words,pronunciation,to understand the function of mathematics and coordination of sensory motor. These problems are called learning disabilities.

Types of learning disabilities

* Orally learning disabilities and linguistics disabilities— Aphasia

*Reading learning disabilities— dyslexia , Alexia

*Writing learning disabilities–Agraphia,Apraxia, dyspraxia

*Para jumbling related disabilities

*Math related disabilities— Dyscalculia

Some learning disabilities

1. Aphasia– Communicative and linguistics learning disabilities is called aphasia.The child affected from this learning disabilities , is faced difficulty to learn orally and to express its thoughts. Generally this learning disabilities is to due brain injury.

2.Dysphasia— due to brain injury , partially or complete disabilities in speaking ( conversation) is called dysphasia.

3.Alexia–due to brain injury ,disabilities in reading is called Alexia. It is also called acquired dyslexia.

4.Dyslexia— This is related with reading . In this learning disabilities child faces difficulty in reading words .

5.Apraxia— Apraxia is a physical disability with execution of muscles. Muscles coordinate fine motor skill such as writing,walking, speaking etc. .When the function of muscle execution can not perform properly , so that child faces to walking, writing, speaking.The reason behind this disabilities is damage in cerebrum of brain.

6.Dyspraxia— This is a type of Apraxia . Due to brain injury , symptoms of dyspraxia are found in children They faced difficulty in coordination and balance between hands and eyes.

7.Disgraphia–Disgraphia is related with writing. In this disabilities child can not write properly or handwriting is not good.

8.Discalculia–In this type of disabilities , children faced difficulty in mathematics and arithmetic such as calculation , reading symbols and terms, to understand mathematics operations. This is also called numlexia.

Types of Discalculia—

Verbal dyscalculia –which refers to problems in naming the amount of things.

Practognostic dyscalculia — which refers to problems in manipulating things mathematically — for example, comparing objects to determine which is larger.

Lexical dyscalculia — which refers to problems in reading mathematical symbols, including operation signs (+, – ) and numerals.

Graphical dyscalculia –which refers to problems in writing mathematical symbols and numerals.

Ideognostical dyscalculia — which refers to problems in understanding mathematical concepts and relationships.

Operational dyscalculia –which refers to problems in performing arithmetic operations.

Principle of Jean Piaget's Stages of Develoment

Principle of jean piaget's stages of development
Jean Piaget was a psychologist from Switzerland. To know about development of intelligence in children, he extensively observed his children. He studied mental development activities of his children. On the basis of study and research , he derived his principle. These principles known as principle of jean Piaget’s stages of development.
                  Piaget proposed four stages of cognitive development. These are sensorymotor stage, preoperational stage , concrete stage and formal operational stage. Piaget believed that all people pass through the stages the same order . It is important to note that the age ranges associated with the stage may not apply to every child . Some children may reach particular stage earlier or later than the others.

1.Sensory motor stage(Birth to 2 years) --- In this stage, motor activities perform as sensory motor activities. In initial part of this stage, children focus on what they are doing and seeing at the moment. For them objects are out of sight are out of mind. Later in this stage,babies develop object permanence. Beginning of this stage, babies represent objects in symbols. These symbols take the form of words and simple sentences. Children also start imitation and observing others.

2.Preoperational Stage(2 years to 7 years)--- In this stage, children can recognize objects and differentiate them. During this is stage, children start use of language. They collect new information and experience. Children’s increasing vocabularies help them to represent and think about people ,objects, events and feelings. They also gain the ability to represent objects mentally that are not present. They can count and deal with numbers.

Limitations -

i)Egocentrism- children of this stage experience egocentrism. They see the world only in terms of their own selves and are not able to appreciate others’ point of view.

ii) Animism- Children attribute life like qualities to inanimate objects.

iii)Lack ofconservation- Some characteristics o an object stay the same even though the object changes in appearance.

iv) Irreversibility-Irreversibility refer to failure to understand that certain processes can be undone or reverse.

3.Concrete operational stage(7 years to 11 years)— During this stage, children develop the ability to think in a more logical manner. They are less egocentric. They focus on different characteristics and not focus on one aspect of object. Thinking become more flexible. They can think multiple solution or problem. Logical thinking, spatial thinking are develop in this stage. They able to categorize objects in different class.They understand conservation and reversibility. They adapt themselves into environment.

4)Formal operational stage(12 years to adulthood)-This stage begins when children develop the capacity of thinking that is abstract, systematic, and hypothetical. These capabilities allow students to make abstract reasoning ,sophisticated moral judgements and plan more realistically for the future .They can understand historical time , learn algebra and calculus,imgine possibilities, form and test hypotheses and can use deductive reasoning.